1.  Dilute phase pneumatic conveying vacuum operation
2.  Dilute phase pneumatic conveying pressure operation
3.  Dilute phase pneumatic conveying pressure-vacuum operation
4.  Dense phase pneumatic conveying pressure operation

Dense Phase

Dense Phase pneumatic transport-pneumatic conveying operation is used particularly for transfer of aggressive and difficult materials. Sand, cement and glass industry can be shown as example in this respect. Here, as the material is aggressive it does not strike the pipe wall sharply, but moves solidly by an air-product mix under high pressure of 2-5 bars and is product to far distances. For example, bulk cement tankers operate by this method. In this transfer method, unlike the fans with high flow rate in the dilute phase, the screw compressors and dehumidifiers at high flow rate are used.

High pressure air is delivered to the container full with the product to be transferred and then the high pressure air-product mix is transferred by the opening valve to the cyclone, silo or target mixer. This method is used especially if there is material in the process which may become fibrous or give damage to the characteriStic of the product due to friction. The dense phase operates with instruments different than those of the dilute phase due to the transfer mechanism. The transport equipment are more resistant compared to those of the dilute phase. In this transfer performed by high pressure air, the thick-wall pipes and special basalt elbows are used.

In the pneumatic transport- pneumatic conveying Centrifugal or Roots type blowers used as air generators suck the air in the environment by vacuum and develops thrust pressure by compressing the air. Due to relative humidity of the air in the atmospheric environment, the water particles serves as a good conductive during generation of the pressure and, therefore, cause heating of the transfer air. This temperature may occasionally reach up to 80oC depending on the operating pressure of the process and drifting speed of the transfer. If the target transport material has a structure susceptible to these temperatures, the operations of pre-cooling in the process and final cooling before introduction of the air in the process may be required. Because of the air temperature and speed, the most appropriate solution may be Densifier, Transporter and Dense phase transporter instead of complex structure of the dilute phase.

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Dilute Phase
Pneumatic transport-pneumatic conveying mostly preferred for granular and power articles or products. The speed varies 12-25m/s depending on the phase density of this transfer made by air. Transport method in the pneumatic transfer is two types, namely dense phase and dilute phase.

Transfer operation in the dilute face is performed by vacuum or pressure. The transport operation is generally performed in the pressure range of 250-600mbar. These two methods should be diStinguished depending on the process of these two methods.

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Mechanical Transport
Although the Mechanical Transport seems difficult and has a set of patterns, it is the most cost-effective solution for electric power. Investment cost is high in the long distances, but use of power is less. In general, it is also used for transfer at fixed flow rate volumetrically for all pneumatic transport operations.

Pneumatic transport-pneumatic conveying is the most flexible transport method compared to the screw spiral, band and chain conveyor. Although many secondary instruments and dust separation systems should operate together, it is the most preferred transport system thanks to this flexible structure.

Each product transported by air is first mixed with the air and then separated from the air. Although both operations are difficult, it is preferred due to its flexible structure.

While the mixing operation is performed by help of rotary valves, loading stations and venture, the separation operation is performed by means of filters. On the other hand, pneumatic means dust, dust separation and absolute filtering.

Blowers are used as generator of air, the transport source; in other words, the fans of low pressure high flow rate of air are used.
However it seems that the transport is performed by mixing process pressure air with the product, it requires serious engineering operation and experience. On the other hand, pressure and vacuum may also be used in the pneumatic transport processes.
Each product to be transported pneumatically bears different characteriStic. For this reason, density and efficient transport pressure of each product differs. And this, in turn, differs ways of transport. If you attempt to transport sugar on a line used for transport of flour without any modification, your line is doomed to fail as it may be expected normally. None of the equipment you use may operate properly. If the process is designed correctly and it is operated with proper instruments and equipment, you may transport both sugar and flour on the same line after making parametric changes in the automation system. This example shows necessity of a serious infrastructure and concept of experience in the practice.

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